KINGS of MACEDON Alexander III the Great.(336-323 BC).Chios. Tetradrachm.

Obv : Head of Herakles right, wearing lion skin.

Rev : AΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ.
Zeus seated left on throne, holding eagle and sceptre, in left field, Sphinx seated right .

Condition : Good very fine.

Material : Silver.
Axis : 12h

Weight : 15.95 gr
Diameter : 32 mm

Chios, known as Khios in Greek, is a beautiful island located in the Aegean Sea, near the western coast of Turkey. As one of Greece's largest islands, it is famed for its rich history, unique culture, and production of mastiha, or mastic gum, which is a natural resin that has been harvested here for centuries. Chios is also renowned for its medieval villages, stunning beaches, and Byzantine monasteries, making it a fascinating destination for visitors interested in both history and natural beauty.

The island’s history dates back to ancient times, with evidence of human habitation going as far back as the Neolithic period. In antiquity, Chios was known for its wealth and its role in trade throughout the Aegean. By the 6th century BCE, Chios had become a significant trading power and a center for the production of high-quality wine. Chios was also believed to be the birthplace of the legendary poet Homer, author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey," although this is a matter of historical debate.

During the classical period, Chios aligned with various Greek city-states and experienced periods of independence and subjugation. The island came under the influence of the Roman Empire, followed by Byzantine rule, and later fell under the control of the Genoese in the 14th century. The Genoese period brought economic prosperity to the island, largely due to the lucrative trade of mastic, a resin only grown on Chios. The mastic trade attracted merchants and boosted the island's economy, creating wealth and allowing for the construction of grand structures, some of which still stand today.

In 1566, Chios became part of the Ottoman Empire, and the island remained under Ottoman rule for several centuries. The Ottomans valued Chios for its mastic production, which was used for various purposes, from culinary to medicinal and even cosmetic applications. The island's mastic villages, such as Pyrgi and Mesta, were built during this period to protect and organize the mastic trade. These villages are characterized by narrow, winding streets, fortress-like designs, and unique geometric designs on the buildings’ facades, making them a cultural treasure in Greece today.

One of the darkest periods in Chios’s history occurred in 1822 during the Greek War of Independence. The island rebelled against Ottoman rule, but the Ottomans responded with a brutal massacre, killing tens of thousands of inhabitants and enslaving many more. This tragic event is commemorated on the island and is one of the most poignant moments in its history, with deep emotional and cultural significance for the people of Chios. French painter Eugène Delacroix immortalized this event in his famous painting, The Massacre at Chios, which helped bring international attention to the Greek struggle for independence.

Chios eventually became part of modern Greece in 1912 after the Balkan Wars. Today, it remains a vibrant and culturally rich island, blending influences from its diverse historical periods. Mastic production continues to be a key economic activity, and Chios is the only place in the world where the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus) produces resin in such a unique way. The “mastiha” of Chios is a protected product, with mastic villages continuing the centuries-old tradition of harvesting and processing the resin. Mastiha is used in various products, from liqueurs and sweets to soaps and medicinal treatments.

Visitors to Chios are drawn to its diverse attractions. The medieval village of Mesta, with its well-preserved stone houses and fortified design, offers a glimpse into the past. Pyrgi is known for its distinctive "xysta" decorations, geometric patterns etched into the facades of houses. The Nea Moni Monastery, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is another highlight. This Byzantine monastery, dating back to the 11th century, is famous for its intricate mosaics and historical significance.

In addition to its cultural sites, Chios boasts beautiful beaches with crystal-clear waters, such as Mavra Volia, known for its black volcanic pebbles, and Karfas Beach, a sandy stretch popular among families. The island’s natural landscapes include mountainous regions, pine forests, and traditional olive groves, making it an ideal destination for outdoor activities such as hiking, cycling, and water sports.

Chios also has a strong tradition of festivals and celebrations. During Easter, the town of Vrontados hosts the famous “Rocket War” between two churches, where thousands of fireworks are launched, creating a dramatic and colorful spectacle in the night sky. This event attracts visitors from around the world and is one of the most unique cultural traditions in Greece.

In summary, Chios is a fascinating island where history, culture, and nature come together. From its ancient roots and Byzantine relics to its Ottoman heritage and modern Greek identity, Chios offers a rich tapestry of experiences for anyone who visits. Its mastic villages, medieval architecture, historical landmarks, and natural beauty make it a unique destination within Greece and the Aegean Sea, appealing to travelers who appreciate history, culture, and the scenic landscapes of the Mediterranean.